Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
Volume 24, Issue 2, Pages 1251-1260Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7849-9
Keywords
Environmental impact; Li-rich cathode; Lithium-ion battery; Life cycle assessment
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51474033, 41301636]
- National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China [2012BAD15B05]
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A promising Li-rich high-capacity cathode material (xLi(2)MnO(3)center dot(1-x)LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2) has received much attention with regard to improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. This study presents an environmental impact evaluation of a lithium-ion battery with Li-rich materials used in an electric vehicle throughout the life cycle of the battery. A comparison between this cathode material and a Li-ion cathode material containing cobalt was compiled in this study. The battery use stage was found to play a large role in the total environmental impact and high greenhouse gas emissions. During battery production, cathode material manufacturing has the highest environmental impact due to its complex processing and variety of raw materials. Compared to the cathode with cobalt, the Li-rich material generates fewer impacts in terms of human health and ecosystem quality. Through the life cycle assessment (LCA) results and sensitivity analysis, we found that the electricity mix and energy efficiency significantly influence the environmental impacts of both battery production and battery use. This paper also provides a detailed life cycle inventory, including firsthand data on lithium-ion batteries with Li-rich cathode materials.
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