Circulating Free DNA and Its Emerging Role in Autoimmune Diseases

Liquid biopsies can be used to analyse tissue-derived information, including cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating rare cells, and circulating extracellular vesicles in the blood or other bodily fluids, representing a new way to guide therapeutic decisions in cancer. Among the new challenges of liquid biopsy, we found clinical application in nontumour pathologies, including autoimmune diseases. Since the discovery of the presence of high levels of cfDNA in patients with systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE) in the 1960s, cfDNA research in autoimmune diseases has mainly focused on the overall quantification of cfDNA and its association with disease activity. However, with technological advancements and the increasing understanding of the role of DNA sensing receptors in inflammation and autoimmunity, interest in cfDNA and autoimmune diseases has not expanded until recently. In this review, we provide an overview of the basic biology of cfDNA in the context of autoimmune diseases as a biomarker of disease activity, progression, and prediction of the treatment response. We discuss and integrate available information about these important aspects.

Automated summary

Liquid biopsies are a new way to guide therapeutic decisions in cancer by analyzing tissue-derived information such as cfDNA. Research interest in cfDNA and autoimmune diseases has recently expanded due to advancements in technology and understanding of DNA sensing receptors. The focus is on utilizing cfDNA as a biomarker in autoimmune diseases for disease activity, progression, and prediction of treatment response.