Journal
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Volume 38, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101821
Keywords
Additive manufacturing; Shielding gas; Steel; Delta ferrite; Welding; Mechanical properties
Funding
- Lincoln Electric
- Wolf Robotics
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing Office [DE-AC05-00OR22725]
- UT-Battelle, LLC
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists (WDTS) under the Visiting Faculty Program (VFP)
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The study found that an argon mixture with 3% nitrogen gas showed the best performance in large-scale additive manufacturing of 410 martensitic stainless steel, with higher hardness and tensile strength. Tri-mix shielded samples exhibited lower tensile strength and wider scatter, with slightly higher porosity during printing.
Metal Big Area Additive Manufacturing (mBAAM) offers the potential to fabricate large scale tools at high deposition rates (15 lb/h+). 410 martensitic steel is a potential tooling material, owing to its low cost, good machinability and reasonable printability. During the mBAAM process, the shielding gas can have a significant impact on the material properties as well as the process cost. Therefore, the current study aims to understand the effect of different shielding gas mixtures on large-scale additive manufacturing of 410 martensitic stainless steel. We show that an argon mixture with 3% nitrogen gas produced the best performance in terms of maximum hardness and tensile strength, with much less scatter in tensile strength. He-Ar-CO2 or tri-mix shielded samples showed a low tensile strength with wide scatter, due to stabilized delta ferrite in microstructure during printing. Both tri-mix and Ar-CO2 shielded samples showed slightly higher porosity. Thus, we recommend the use of argon-3% nitrogen as a shielding gas mixture for processing 410 steel for tool applications, based on the relatively low cost of this gas mixture and the resulting higher hardness, higher dimensional stability, and lower porosity.
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