Journal
AGRONOMY-BASEL
Volume 11, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/agronomy11030473
Keywords
disease epidemiology; invasive plant pathogens; landscape disease; pathogen ecology; Pierce's disease; quarantine plant pathogen; vector transmission; Xylella fastidiosa spread
Categories
Funding
- projects XF-ACTORS (Xylella fastidiosa Active Containment Through a Multidisciplinary-Oriented Research Strategy from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Research Programme) [727987]
- Programa Estatal de I + D + I Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad of the Spanish Government [ERTA2017-00004-02, E-RTA2017-0000404]
- FEDER [ERTA2017-00004-02, E-RTA2017-0000404]
- Spanish olive oil Interprofesional
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
- 'Consejeria de Medio Ambiente, Agricultura y Pesca' from the Balearic Islands, Spain [ITS2017-095]
- CSIC [201840E111]
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Xf, a vascular plant pathogen native to the Americas, was first identified in Europe in 2013, causing massive die-off of olive trees in Italy. The Balearic Islands in Spain have the major known genetic diversity of Xf in Europe. Since 2016, four sequence types of Xf have been identified infecting 28 host species.
Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a vascular plant pathogen native to the Americas. In 2013, it was first reported in Europe, implicated in a massive die-off of olive trees in Apulia, Italy. This finding prompted mandatory surveys across Europe, successively revealing that the bacterium was already established in some distant areas of the western Mediterranean. To date, the Balearic Islands (Spain) hold the major known genetic diversity of Xf in Europe. Since October 2016, four sequence types (ST) belonging to the subspecies fastidiosa (ST1), multiplex (ST7, ST81), and pauca (ST80) have been identified infecting 28 host species, including grapevines, almond, olive, and fig trees. ST1 causes Pierce's disease (PD) and together with ST81 are responsible for almond leaf scorch disease (ALSD) in California, from where they were introduced into Mallorca in around 1993, very likely via infected almond scions brought for grafting. To date, almond leaf scorch disease affects over 81% of almond trees and Pierce's disease is widespread in vineyards across Mallorca, although producing on average little economic impact. In this perspective, we present and analyze a large Xf-hosts database accumulated over four years of field surveys, laboratory sample analyses, and research to understand the underlying causes of Xf emergence and spread among crops and wild plants in the Balearic Islands. The impact of Xf on the landscape is discussed.
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