Journal
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 12, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643692
Keywords
single-cell sequencing; breast cancer; single cell mass cytometry; tumor microenviroment; immune cell
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Immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer have a critical role in tumorigenesis, progression, invasion, and therapy resistance, but intratumoral heterogeneity is a major obstacle in understanding and treating breast cancer. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have enabled detailed characterization of intratumoral immune cells, providing insights into the diverse phenotypical and functional aspects of tumor-infiltrating immune cells.
Immune infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of breast cancer (BRCA) have been shown to play a critical role in tumorigenesis, progression, invasion, and therapy resistance, and thereby will affect the clinical outcomes of BRCA patients. However, a wide range of intratumoral heterogeneity shaped by the tumor cells and immune cells in the surrounding microenvironment is a major obstacle in understanding and treating BRCA. Recent progress in single-cell technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), mass cytometry, and digital spatial profiling has enabled the detailed characterization of intratumoral immune cells and vastly improved our understanding of less-defined cell subsets in the tumor immune environment. By measuring transcriptomes or proteomics at the single-cell level, it provides an unprecedented view of the cellular architecture consist of phenotypical and functional diversities of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. In this review, we focus on landmark studies of single-cell profiling of immunological heterogeneity in the TME, and discuss its clinical applications, translational outlook, and limitations in breast cancer studies.
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