Fundamental Bounds on the Precision of Classical Phase Microscopes

A wide variety of imaging systems have been designed to measure phase variations, with applications from physics to biology and medicine. In this work, we theoretically compare the precision of phase estimations achievable with classical phase microscopy techniques, operated at the shot-noise limit. We show how the Cramer-Rao bound is calculated for any linear optical system, including phase-contrast microscopy, phase-shifting holography, spatial light interference microscopy, and local optimization of wavefronts for phase imaging. Through these examples, we demonstrate how this general framework can be applied for the design and optimization of classical phase microscopes. Our results show that wavefront shaping is required to design phase microscopes with optimal phase precision.

Automated summary

A wide variety of imaging systems have been designed for measuring phase variations, with applications ranging from physics to biology and medicine. This work theoretically compares the precision of phase estimations achievable with classical phase microscopy techniques operating at the shot-noise limit. The study demonstrates the application of a general framework for the design and optimization of classical phase microscopes, showcasing the necessity of wavefront shaping for achieving optimal phase precision.