Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Volume 209, Issue -, Pages 155-163Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.031
Keywords
e-waste; Open burning; Metals; Dioxin-related compounds; XAFS
Categories
Funding
- Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [25257403]
- Environment Research and Technology Development Fund from the Japanese Ministry of the Environment [3K133001]
- JSPS [26701012]
- Steel Foundation for Environmental Protection Technology [13C-29, 14C-30-23]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [26220103, 25257403, 26701012] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Open burning of electronic waste (e-waste) releases various metals and organohalogen compounds in the environment. Here we investigated the interplay of metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Co, and Sr) and bromine (Br) in the formation of dioxin-related compounds (DRCs), including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), as well as non-regulated DRCs such as polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and their monobrominated PCDD/Fs in soils sampled from open burning e-waste sites at Agbogbloshie in Accra, Ghana. The predominant DRCs were PBDFs, PCDFs, PCDD5, and DL-PCBs. Statistical analyzes, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and the PCDF/PCDD ratio suggested possible formation paths of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs by catalytic behaviors of copper chlorides (CuCI, CuCl2, and Cu-2(OH)(3)Cl) and thermal breakdown of polyvinyl chloride. Predominant formation of brominated furans may be derived from electron transfer from intermediates of PBDE to copper, Cu(II) -> Cu(I). Lead chloride also contributed to generate DRCs and may become highly bioaccessible through the open burning of e-waste. The main zinc species (ZnCl2 and ZnS) suggested a possible relationship to generate DRCs and specific zinc source such as tire burning. Cu, Pb, Zn, and Br contained in various e-wastes, wires/cables, plastics, and tires strongly influenced generation of many DRCs. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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