Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Volume 210, Issue -, Pages 34-39Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.042
Keywords
Benzalkonium chloride; Cationic surfactants; Toxicity; Genotoxicity; Daphnia magna; Ceriodaphnia dubia
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Funding
- European Union through the EU FP7 project CytoThreat [265264]
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The toxicity and genotoxicity of the cationic surfactant benzalkonium chloride (BAC) were studied using Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia as model systems. Acute and chronic toxicity testing were performed according to the international standard guidelines and the genotoxicity was detected through the comet assay on cells from whole organisms in vivo exposed. Acute effects occurred at concentrations in the order of tens of mu g/L in D. magna and hundreds of mu g/L in C. dubia. Chronic effects were found at one order of magnitude less than short-term effects maintaining the same difference in sensitivity between D. magna and C. dubia. BAC induced relevant DNA damage, in both cladocerans; the lowest adverse effect levels were 0.4 and 4 ng/L for D. magna and C. dubia, respectively. As these effective concentrations are far lower than BAC occurrence in surface waters (units of mu g/L) a concerning environmental risk cannot be excluded. The findings of this study showed that D. magna and C. dubia, could be used as model organisms to detect acute and chronic toxicity as well as genotoxicity at the whole organism level. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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