Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031359
Keywords
air pollution; PM2; 5; health risk assessment; children; South Africa; trace elements
Funding
- Axel Lennart Larsson travel grant
- Swedish government [ALFGBG-872511]
- county councils, the ALF-agreement [ALFGBG-872511]
- South African National Research Foundation (Collaborative Postgraduate Training Programme grant) [CPT160424162937]
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Despite relatively moderate levels of PM2.5 in Thohoyandou, the health risks posed by PM2.5 were substantial, especially for infants and children. Particulate nickel posed both non-cancer and cancer risks. The results indicate that air quality standards need to be tightened and PM2.5 levels lowered in South Africa.
We assessed the health risks of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) ambient air pollution and its trace elemental components in a rural South African community. Air pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries. PM2.5 samples were previously collected, April 2017 to April 2018, and PM2.5 mass determined. The filters were analyzed for chemical composition. The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA) health risk assessment method was applied. Reference doses were calculated from the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), and US EPA reference concentrations. Despite relatively moderate levels of PM2.5 the health risks were substantial, especially for infants and children. The average annual PM2.5 concentration was 11 mu g/m(3), which is above WHO guidelines, but below South African NAAQS. Adults were exposed to health risks from PM2.5 during May to October, whereas infants and children were exposed to risk throughout the year. Particle-bound nickel posed both non-cancer and cancer risks. We conclude that PM2.5 poses health risks in Thohoyandou, despite levels being compliant with yearly South African NAAQS. The results indicate that air quality standards need to be tightened and PM2.5 levels lowered in South Africa.
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