Journal
FORESTS
Volume 12, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/f12020180
Keywords
cpDNA; conservation genetics; European Beech; population genetics
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Funding
- National Science Centre, Poland [2012/04/A/NZ9/00500]
- Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under the program Regional Initiative of Excellence in 2019-2022 [008/RID/2018/19]
- German Science Foundation [Th1362/18-1]
- LOEWE initiative
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Chloroplast assembly is challenging due to large inverted repeats, but accurate assemblies are important for biogeography and population genetics studies. A study on European Beech chloroplast genomes revealed an inverted orientation of the single-copy region and potential loci for future SNP-based studies. The low divergence suggests limited seed dispersal but high pollen dispersal, with implications for tracing migration history in the Holocene.
Chloroplasts are difficult to assemble because of the presence of large inverted repeats. At the same time, correct assemblies are important, as chloroplast loci are frequently used for biogeography and population genetics studies. In an attempt to elucidate the orientation of the single-copy regions and to find suitable loci for chloroplast single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based studies, circular chloroplast sequences for the ultra-centenary reference individual of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Bhaga, and an additional Polish individual (named Jamy) was obtained based on hybrid assemblies. The chloroplast genome of Bhaga was 158,458 bp, and that of Jamy was 158,462 bp long. Using long-read mapping on the configuration inferred in this study and the one suggested in a previous study, we found an inverted orientation of the small single-copy region. The chloroplast genome of Bhaga and of the individual from Poland both have only two mismatches as well as three and two indels as compared to the previously published genome, respectively. The low divergence suggests low seed dispersal but high pollen dispersal. However, once chloroplast genomes become available from Pleistocene refugia, where a high degree of variation has been reported, they might prove useful for tracing the migration history of Fagus sylvatica in the Holocene.
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