Soil quality index as affected by different cropping systems in northwestern Himalayas

Soil quality assessment provides a tool for evaluating the sustainability of soils under different crop cafeterias. Our objective was to develop the soil quality index for evaluating the soil quality indicators under different cropping systems in northwest Himalaya-India. Composite soil samples were taken from the study area from different cropping systems which include T1 (forest soil control), T-2 (rice-oilseed, lower belts), T-3 (rice-oilseed, higher belts), T-4 (rice-oats), T-5 (rice-fallow), T-6 (maize-oats), T-7 (maize-peas), T-8 (apple), T-9 (apple-beans), and T-10 (apple-maize). Physical, chemical, and biological soil indicators were determined, and it was found that soil enzyme activities involved in nutrient cycling were significantly higher in forest soils, which were reflected in higher levels of available pool of nutrients. Carbon stocks were found significantly higher in forest soil which was translated in improved soil physical condition. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce multidimensionality of data followed by scoring by homothetic transformation of the selected indicators. Pearson's interclass correlation was performed to avoid redundancy, and highly correlated variables were not retained. Inclusion of legumes in the apple orchard floor recorded highest soil quality rating across the treatments. Cereal-based cropping systems were found inlower soil quality rating; however, the incorporation of peas in the system improved soil health.