Journal
MATERIALS
Volume 14, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ma14041006
Keywords
anti-freezing agent; accelerator; cold-weather concrete; calcium nitrite; calcium nitrate; strength development; pore structure; solid-state NMR; AFm phase; ettringite
Categories
Funding
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Korea government [NRF-2018R1D1A1B07049390]
- Nissan Chemical Co. of JAPAN
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Calcium nitrite and calcium nitrate are used as chloride- and alkali-free anti-freezing agents to promote concrete hydration in cold weather, enhancing early strength. However, the correlation between hydration process and strength development in cold temperatures needs to be further studied. Adding nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators in cement can increase the hydrates and improve the strength of the hardened product.
Recently, there has been increased use of calcium-nitrite and calcium-nitrate as the main components of chloride- and alkali-free anti-freezing agents to promote concrete hydration in cold weather concreting. As the amount of nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators increases, the hydration of tricalcium aluminate (C(3)A phase) and tricalcium silicate (C3S phase) in cement is accelerated, thereby improving the early strength of cement and effectively preventing initial frost damage. Nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators are used in larger amounts than usual in low temperature areas below -10 degrees C. However, the correlation between the hydration process and strength development in concrete containing considerable nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators remains to be clearly identified. In this study, the hydrate composition (via X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance), pore structures (via mercury intrusion porosimetry), and crystal form (via scanning electron microscopy) were determined, and investigations were performed to elucidate the effect of nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators on the initial strength development and hydrate formation of cement. Nitrite/nitrate-AFm (aluminate-ferret-monosulfate; AFm) was produced in addition to ettringite at the initial stage of hydration of cement by adding a nitrite/nitrate-based accelerator. The amount of the hydrates was attributed to an increase in the absolute amounts of NO2- and NO3- ions reacting with Al2O3 in the tricalcium aluminate (C(3)A phase). Further, by effectively filling the pores, it greatly contributed to the enhancement of the strength of the hardened cement product, and the degree of the contribution tended to increase with the amount of addition. On the other hand, in addition to the occurrence of cracks due to the release of a large amount of heat of hydration, the amount of expansion and contraction may increase, and it is considered necessary to adjust the amount used for each concrete work.
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