Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
Volume 18, Issue 10, Pages 3509-3521Publisher
WILEY-BLACKWELL
DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13369
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Funding
- Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants from the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture [2006-35319-17427, 2011-67019-30192]
- ARS [ARS-0423042, 813314] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
- NIFA [2011-67019-30192, 579666] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
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Pseudomonas protegens strain Pf-5 is a soil bacterium that was first described for its capacity to suppress plant diseases and has since been shown to be lethal to certain insects. Among these is the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, a well-established model organism for studies evaluating the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response to bacterial challenge. Pf-5 produces the insect toxin FitD, but a Delta fitD mutant of Pf-5 retained full toxicity against D. melanogaster in a noninvasive feeding assay, indicating that FitD is not a major determinant of Pf-5's oral toxicity against this insect. Pf-5 also produces a broad spectrum of exoenzymes and natural products with antibiotic activity, whereas a mutant with a deletion in the global regulatory gene gacA produces none of these exoproducts and also lacks toxicity to D. melanogaster. In this study, we made use of a panel of Pf-5 mutants having single or multiple mutations in the biosynthetic gene clusters for seven natural products and two exoenzymes that are produced by the bacterium under the control of gacA. Our results demonstrate that the production of rhizoxin analogs, orfamide A, and chitinase are required for full oral toxicity of Pf-5 against D. melanogaster, with rhizoxins being the primary determinant.
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