Journal
WATER RESEARCH
Volume 190, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116746
Keywords
Advanced oxidation process; Radicals; Reaction rate constants; Direct methods; Indirect methods; Steady-state and non-steady-state
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21976212]
- Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology (AUWATEC) Start-Up Fund from Grundfos Foundation
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Interest in the kinetics of radical-induced reactions in aqueous solution has been growing, with a focus on the development of reliable methods for determining rate constants (k). This review covers various methods for determining k values under steady-state and non-steady-state conditions, with evaluations on their advantages and disadvantages. The study aims to provide a comprehensive basis for choosing an appropriate method for determining k values in bimolecular reactions between target compounds and radicals in the aqueous phase.
Interests in the kinetics of radical-induced reactions in aqueous solution have grown remarkably due to their water engineering significance (e.g., advanced oxidation processes). Although compilations of the rate constants (k) for various radicals have been documented, surprisingly a systematic review has yet to be reported on the development of reliable methods for determining k values. A knowledge gap exists to critically evaluate and screen the various methods to measure them. In this review, we summarize the direct and indirect methods under steady-state and non-steady-state conditions, followed by critical evaluations on their advantages and disadvantages. The radicals of center dot OH, SO4 center dot-, O-2(center dot-), and Cl center dot were chosen based on their significant aquatic environmental relevance. MS excel spreadsheets that demonstrate the determination processes were provided allowing one to reproduce the data and/or to analyze the unprocessed raw data as a template. We formulated a standard operation procedure for the k determination, although there is simply no versatile method fitting for all radical reactions. Finally, existing challenges and future research focus are discussed. This is the first review covering methodological approaches and considerations, aiming to provide a holistic and fundamental basis to choose an appropriate method for determining the k values for bimolecular reactions between target compounds and radicals in the aqueous phase. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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