The Temporal Dynamics of Multiple Stressor Effects: From Individuals to Ecosystems

Multiple stressors, such as warming and invasions, often occur together and have nonadditive effects. Most studies to date assume that stressors operate in perfect synchrony, but this will rarely be the case in reality. Stressor sequence and overlap will have implications for ecological memory ? the ability of past stressors to influence future responses. Moreover, stressors are usually defined in an anthropocentric context: what we consider a short-term stressor, such as a flood, will span multiple generations of microbes. We argue that to predict responses to multiple stressors from individuals to the whole ecosystem, it is necessary to consider metabolic rates, which determine the timescales at which individuals operate and therefore, ultimately, the ecological memory at different levels of ecological organization.

Automated summary

When studying the effects of multiple stressors on ecosystems, it is important to consider the sequence and overlap of stressors on ecological memory, as well as the impact of stressors on different levels of ecological organization.