Journal
SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY
Volume 70, Issue 5, Pages 922-939Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab002
Keywords
Extinction; macroevolution; matrix representation with parsimony; morphology; supertree
Categories
Funding
- University of Leeds
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Phylogenetic trees incorporating both extinct and extant taxa are crucial for accurately inferring macroevolutionary dynamics. While most diversification studies rely on molecular phylogenies, a meta-analytic approach can provide a well-resolved set of time-scaled phylogenetic hypotheses for extinct and extant species. The metatree approach offers a more immediate route for generating higher-level phylogenies of extinct taxa and allows for re-evaluation of macroevolutionary hypotheses derived only from extant taxa.
Phylogenetic trees provide a powerful framework for testing macroevolutionary hypotheses, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that inferences derived from extant species alone can be highly misleading. Trees incorporating living and extinct taxa are needed to address fundamental questions about the origins of diversity and disparity but it has proved challenging to generate robust, species-rich phylogenies that include large numbers of fossil taxa. As a result, most studies of diversification dynamics continue to rely on molecular phylogenies. Here, we extend and apply a recently developed meta-analytic approach for synthesizing previously published phylogenetic studies to infer a well-resolved set of species level, time-scaled phylogenetic hypotheses for extinct and extant cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and allies). Our trees extend sampling from the similar to 90 extant species to over 500 living and extinct species, and therefore allow for more robust inference of macroevolutionary dynamics. While the diversification scenarios, we recover are broadly concordant with those inferred from molecular phylogenies they differ in critical ways, notably in the relative contributions of extinction and speciation rate shifts in driving rapid radiations. The metatree approach provides the most immediate route for generating higher level phylogenies of extinct taxa and opens the door to re-evaluation of macroevolutionary hypotheses derived only from extant taxa.
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