Journal
QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL
Volume 614, Issue -, Pages 37-49Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2021.02.027
Keywords
African herbivores; Carbon isotopes; Enamel carbonate; Oxygen isotopes; Palaeoclimate
Funding
- Department of Higher Education and Training through New Generation of Academics Programme (DHET-nGAP), South Africa
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This study investigates the paleoenvironment and dietary behavior of ancient herbivores in the South African central interior during the Mid-Pleistocene, using carbon and oxygen stable isotopes analysis on tooth enamel carbonate. The results suggest that the herbivores mainly had C-4 based diets and the region was substantially wetter than in modern times.
This study investigates the Mid-Pleistocene paleoenvironment and dietary behaviour of ancient herbivores in the South African central interior, today part of the semi-arid Kalahari savanna. Analyses were undertaken of carbon (delta C-13) and oxygen (delta O-18) stable isotopes in tooth enamel carbonate of twelve fossil herbivore species from Layers 4b and 4a, associated with Earlier Stone Age (ESA) and transitional ESA-Middle Stone Age (Fauresmith) industries respectively, at the archaeological site of Kathu Pan 1. The data are compared with other Eearly to Mid-Pleistocene herbivore assemblages located in the central interior, namely Cornelia-Uitzoek, Wonderwerk Cave and the Florisbad Spring. Results indicate that the median delta C-13 values for all ungulate taxa at Kathu were >-4 parts per thousand, indicating predominantly C-4 based diets, although in certain taxa, some individuals included a significant C-3 component in their diet. The delta O-1(8) values of most species at Kathu were relatively low, suggesting a cooler and/or wetter climate. Carbon isotope evidence for C-4 dominated habitats at Kathu, but with a larger C-3 component amongst grazers than today, resembles the other Early to -Mid-Pleistocene assemblages in the region. Similarly, delta O-18 values for Kathu supplement existing evidence that the region was substantially wetter than in modern times.
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