Steady radiating baroclinic vortices in vertically sheared flows

This paper examines baroclinic vortices embedded in a large-scale vertical shear. We describe a new class of steady propagating vortices that radiate Rossby waves but yet do not decay. This is possible since they can extract available potential energy from a large-scale vertically sheared flow, even though this flow is linearly stable. The vortices generate Rossby waves, which induce a meridional vortex drift and an associated heat flux explained by an analysis of pseudomomentum and pseudoenergy. An analytical steady solution is considered for the marginally stable flow in a two-layer model on the beta-plane, where the beta-effect is compensated by the potential vorticity gradient (PVG) associated with the meridional slope of the density interface. The compensation occurs in the upper layer for an upper layer westward flow (an easterly shear) and in the lower layer for an upper layer eastward flow (the westerly shear). The theory is confirmed by numerical simulations, indicating that for westward flows in subtropical oceans, the reduced PVG in the upper layer provides favorable conditions for eddy persistence and long-range propagation.

Automated summary

This study examines baroclinic vortices embedded in large-scale vertical shear and describes a new class of stable propagating vortices. These vortices can extract potential energy from a large-scale vertically sheared flow by generating Rossby waves, leading to meridional vortex drift and associated heat flux. The theory is confirmed by numerical simulations, showing that reduced potential vorticity gradient in the upper layer provides favorable conditions for eddy persistence and long-range propagation in westward flows in subtropical oceans.