Classifying stars, galaxies, and AGNs in CLAUDS plus HSC-SSP using gradient boosted decision trees

Classifying catalogue objects as stars, galaxies, or active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is a crucial part of any statistical study of galaxies. We describe our pipeline for binary (star/galaxy) and multiclass (star/galaxy/Type I AGN/Type II AGN) classification developed for the very deep CLAUDS + HSC-SSP u*grizy data set. Our method uses the XGBoost implementation of gradient boosted trees (GBTs) to train ensembles of models that take photometry, colours, maximum surface brightnesses, and effective radii from all available bands as input, and output the probability that an object belongs to each of the classes under consideration. At i(AB) < 25 our binary star/galaxy model has AUC = 0.9974 and at the threshold that maximizes our sample's weighted F1 score, selects a sample of galaxies with 99.7 percent purity and 99.8 percent completeness. We test the model's ability to generalize to objects fainter than those seen during training and find that extrapolation of similar to 1-2 mag is reasonable for most applications provided that the galaxies in the training sample are representative of the range of redshifts and colours of the galaxies in the target sample. We also perform an exploratory analysis of the method's ability to identify AGNs using a small X-ray-selected sample and find that it holds promise for classifying Type I AGN, although it performs less well for Type II AGN. Our results demonstrate that GBTs provide a flexible, robust, and efficient method for performing classification of catalogue objects in large astronomical imaging surveys.

Automated summary

The article describes the development of a crucial aspect in statistical studies of galaxies on the CLAUDS+HSC-SSP dataset, including the application of binary (star/galaxy) and multiclass (star/galaxy/Type I AGN/Type II AGN) classification pipelines. The results demonstrate that GBTs provide a flexible, robust, and efficient method for classifying catalogue objects in large astronomical imaging surveys.