Recoverable Phospha-Michael Additions Catalyzed by a 4-N,N-Dimethylaminopyridinium Saccharinate Salt or a Fluorous Long-Chained Pyridine: Two Types of Reusable Base Catalysts

Phospha-Michael addition, which is the addition reaction of a phosphorus-based nucleophile to an acceptor-substituted unsaturated bond, certainly represents one of the most versatile and powerful tools for the formation of P-C bonds, since many different electrophiles and P nucleophiles can be combined with each other. This offers the possibility to access many diversely functionalized products. In this work, two kinds of basic pyridine-based organo-catalysts were used to efficiently catalyze phospha-Michael addition reactions, the 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridinium saccharinate (DMAP center dot Hsac) salt and a fluorous long-chained pyridine (4-R-f-CH2OCH2-py, where R-f = C11F23). These catalysts have been synthesized and characterized by Lu's group. The phospha-Michael addition of diisopropyl, dimethyl or triethyl phosphites to alpha, beta-unsaturated malonates in the presence of those catalysts showed very good reactivity with high yield at 80-100 degrees C in 1-4.5 h with high catalytic recovery and reusability. With regard to significant catalytic recovery, sometimes more than eight cycles were observed for DMAP center dot Hsac adduct by using non-polar solvents (e.g., ether) to precipitate out the catalyst. In the case of the fluorous long-chained pyridine, the thermomorphic method was used to efficiently recover the catalyst for eight cycles in all the reactions. Thus, the easy separation of the catalysts from the products revealed the outstanding efficacy of our systems. To our knowledge, these are good examples of the application of recoverable organo-catalysts to the DMAP center dot Hsac adduct by using non-polar solvent and a fluorous long-chained pyridine under the thermomorphic mode in phospha-Michael addition reactions.

Automated summary

Phospha-Michael addition is a versatile tool for the formation of P-C bonds, offering the possibility to access diverse functionalized products. The use of DMAP∙Hsac and fluorous long-chained pyridine as catalysts efficiently catalyzes the addition reactions, with high reactivity and good catalytic recovery and reusability. The easy separation of catalysts from products demonstrates the outstanding efficacy of the systems.