Journal
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY
Volume 476, Issue 5, Pages 2181-2192Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04087-4
Keywords
Anticancer; ROS; Antioxidant enzymes; Caspase cascade pathway; MAP kinases; p53
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Funding
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Govt.
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The study demonstrated the anticancer activity of tropical lichen DCME against brain and cervical cancer cells, revealing its cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction mechanisms through various experimental approaches.
Lichens are the symbiotic association between photobiont algae and mycobiont fungi having diverse phytochemicals. However, they are still an underexplored natural resource for biological activities. In the present report, we have evaluated the anti-brain and anti-cervical cancer activity of tropical lichen, Dirinaria consimilis (DCME) through the cell viability assay, cell cycle analysis, annexin V-FLUOS staining, morphological analysis, ROS-induction mechanism, evaluation of antioxidant levels, and western blotting study. The WST-1-based cell viability assay showed the cytotoxic nature of DCME towards U87 (IC50-52.65 +/- 1.04 mu g/ml) and HeLa (IC50-77.60 +/- 2.23 mu g/ml) cells. Interestingly, DCME does not showed any toxicity towards non-malignant fibroblast cell line WI-38 (IC50-685.80 +/- 19.51 mu g/ml). Furthermore, the cell cycle analysis showed sub-G1 arrest (apoptosis), and annexin V-FLUOS staining showed an increase in early apoptosis population dose-dependently. Confocal-based morphological data confirmed the DNA condensation and fragmentation upon treatment. Furthermore, DCME treatment induces ROS and regulates the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, Catalase, GST, and GSH) in both U87 and HeLa cells. Finally, the western blotting data revealed the increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, activation of Bid, Caspase-8, -9 and -3 along with degradation of PARP. Moreover, regulation of MAP kinases and activation of p53 was also observed upon DCME treatment. Herein, we first reported the anticancer activity of D. consimilis against brain and cervical cancer cells. Performed in-depth anticancer study revealed the ROS-mediated regulation of MAP kinases and activation of caspase cascade in U87 and HeLa cells upon DCME treatment.
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