Journal
JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE
Volume 35, Issue 2, Pages 724-738Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16089
Keywords
canine; echocardiography; heart dimensions; reference values; volumetric measurements
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This study aimed to generate body size and breed-independent reference intervals (RIs) for left ventricular (LV) volume measurements in dogs. The research found that echocardiographic LV volumes correlated best with weight in kilograms, and the additive model proved to be more flexible and accurate in generating RIs compared to other methods. Separate RIs for sighthound and all other breeds were provided.
Background: Echocardiographic measurements play an important role in detecting cardiac enlargement and assessing cardiac function. In human cardiology, M-mode measurements have been widely replaced by volumetric measurements of the left ventricle (LV) using Simpson's method of disc (SMOD). In veterinary cardiology, more large-scale studies are necessary to generate reference intervals (RIs) for SMOD LV volume measurements. Objective: To generate body size independent RIs for LV volume measurements in dogs. Animals: Healthy adult dogs (n = 1331) of variable size and somatotype. Methods: Prospective study. The SMOD was measured from the right parasternal long axis and the left apical 4-chamber view in clinically healthy dogs. The SMOD measurements were normalized to various allometric scales (kg, kg(2/3), or kg(1/3)). RIs for LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) using SMOD were estimated as prediction intervals of both a linear and an additive regression model. Additionally, after normalization to body weight, 95% RIs were determined using nonparametric methods with 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles serving as the lower and upper limits. Separate analyses were performed for 120 sighthound breeds and 1211 other breeds. Results: Echocardiographic LV volumes correlated best with weight in kilograms. The additive model proved to be more flexible and accurate than the other 2 methods to generate RIs. Separate RIs for sighthound and all other breeds are provided. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Body size and breed-independent RIs for LV volume measurements using SMOD were generated prospectively from a large and diverse population of dogs and are available for clinical use.
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