iTRAQ proteome analysis of the antifungal mechanism of citral on mycelial growth and OTA production in Aspergillus ochraceus

BACKGROUND Aspergillus ochraceus causes food spoilage and produces mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) during storage of agricultural commodities. In this study, citral was used to inhibit A. ochraceus growth and OTA accumulation, proteomic analysis was employed to verify the mechanism of citral. RESULTS Citral was found to significantly inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production in A. ochraceus. Specifically, 75, 125, 150 and 200 mu L L-1 citral suppressed mycelial growth by 33%, 46%, 50% and 100%, respectively. Additionally, 75 mu L L-1 citral inhibited OTA accumulation by 25%. Proteomic analysis was performed to elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of citral on mycelial growth and OTA production at subinhibitory concentrations (75 mu L L-1). Proteomics analysis identified 2646 proteins in A. ochraceus fc-1, of which 218 were differentially expressed between control and 75 mu L L-1 citral treatment samples. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of biological process, cellular component and molecular function terms. Potential factors affecting mycelial growth and OTA production were analysed, and OTA production was revealed to be a complex process involving many associated factors related to various processes including nutrient intake, sterol biosynthesis, ribosome biogenesis, energy metabolism, oxidative stress and amino acid metabolism. In addition, citral at 75 mu L L-1 down-regulated OTA biosynthetic genes including pks and nrps, but slightly up-regulated the global regulatory factors veA, velB and laeA. CONCLUSION The findings further demonstrate the potential of citral for the preservation of grains and other agricultural products, and provide new insight into its antifungal mechanisms at subinhibitory concentrations. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry

Automated summary

Citral was found to significantly inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production in A. ochraceus. Proteomic analysis elucidated the inhibitory mechanism of citral at subinhibitory concentrations, providing new insights into its antifungal mechanisms.