Sketch-based interface and modelling of stratigraphy and structure in three dimensions

Geological modelling is widely used to predict resource potential in subsurface reservoirs. However, modelling is often slow, requires use of mathematical methods that are unfamiliar to many geoscientists, and is implemented in expert software. We demonstrate here an alternative approach using sketch-based interface and modelling, which allows rapid creation of complex three-dimensional (3D) models from 2D sketches. Sketches, either on vertical cross-sections or in map-view, are converted to 3D surfaces that outline geological interpretations. We propose a suite of geological operators that handle interactions between the surfaces to form a geologically realistic 3D model. These operators deliver the flexibility to sketch a geological model in any order and provide an intuitive framework for geoscientists to rapidly create 3D models. Two case studies are presented, demonstrating scenarios in which different approaches to model sketching are used depending on the geological setting and available data. These case studies show the strengths of sketching with geological operators. Sketched 3D models can be queried visually or quantitatively to provide insights into heterogeneity distribution, facies connectivity or dynamic model behaviour; this information cannot be obtained by sketching in 2D or on paper. Supplementary material: Rapid Reservoir Modelling prototype (executable and source code) is available at: . Supplementary screen recordings for the different case studies showing sketch-based modelling in action are available at and supplementary figure S1-S4 are available at

Automated summary

Geological modelling is commonly used in predicting resource potential in subsurface reservoirs, but the traditional methods can be slow and require expertise. This study introduces an alternative approach using sketch-based interface and modelling, allowing for rapid creation of complex 3D models. The proposed geological operators handle interactions between surfaces to form realistic models, providing flexibility and intuitiveness for geoscientists to create 3D models quickly.