Journal
JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH
Volume 43, Issue 2, Pages 199-208Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbab004
Keywords
Calanus helgolandicus; overwintering; dormancy; ocean deoxygenation
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Funding
- University of Oslo
- Research Council of Norway [173478/S40]
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Some animals are able to take advantage of reduced oxygen concentrations, adjusting their vertical distribution to adapt to changing oxygen levels. Copepods can overwinter in hypoxic waters by adjusting their behavior in response to declining oxygen contents, which helps to minimize risks of predation and mortality.
While hypoxia is generally associated with negative connotations, some animals may also take advantage of reduced oxygen concentrations. However, the dynamics of such processes for zooplankton are poorly understood. We made continuous acoustic studies of Calanus helgolandicus overwintering in hypoxic waters (Oslofjorden, Norway). Their apparent minimum oxygen tolerance was 0.2-0.3 mL O-2 L-1 at 8 degrees C. The copepods adjusted their vertical distribution in concert with the upward progression of hypoxia as oxygen contents declined in the course of winter. The hypoxic overwintering habitat largely excluded potential predators and mortality appeared low in early winter. As the copepod distribution shallowed in phase with declining oxygen contents at depth, mortality increased. In contrast to recent predictions, C. helgolandicus had sufficient energy reserves to sustain long-term overwintering. Termination of the overwintering phase in spring was gradual but appeared to accelerate during the development of the spring bloom. Enhanced oceanic deoxygenation with climate change may affect seasonally migrating copepods in unpredictable ways.
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