Journal
ENERGY POLICY
Volume 93, Issue -, Pages 70-79Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.039
Keywords
Marginal emissions; Emission factors; Carbon dioxide; Power grid; Power generation; Turbine efficiency
Funding
- Experimental Power Grid Centre (EPGC), of Singapore's Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
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Studying temporal patterns in emissions associated with electricity generation is increasingly important. On the supply side, there is interest in integrating renewable energy sources (solar, wind), which are known to vary daily and hourly. On the demand side, the concept of demand response is driving a need to better understand the impact of peak versus off-peak loading, with the objective of maximizing efficiency. In this study, we examine the case of electric power generation in Singapore, and aim to assess the half-hourly variation in associated average carbon dioxide emissions. Given the country's serious push for clean energy solutions and a possibility of adopting carbon trading in the future, we feel the need to address the currently existing gap in research on daily CO2 emissions patterns. By associating representative electricity generation data with the characterized fleet of power plants, half-hourly emissions are found to range between 415 and 455 kg CO2 per MW h. Marginal emission factors show a fluctuating daily pattern between 390 and 800 kg CO2/MW h. Policy makers able to work with real generation data can use this approach to understand the carbon footprint of short-term supply and demand interventions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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