Journal
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Volume 404, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124114
Keywords
Immunomodulation; Leucocytes; Mitochondria; Oxidative stress; Plastic debris; Plasticizers
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Humans and wildlife are exposed to a variety of compounds, including plasticizers, which can disrupt endocrine and immune function. The presence of plastic debris in the environment is a growing concern. Studies have shown that plasticizers can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and immunosuppression, highlighting the need for further research on their impact on immune responses.
Human and wildlife are continually exposed to a wide range of compounds and substances, which reach the body through the air, water, food, or personal care products. Plasticizers are compounds added to plastics and can be released to the environment under certain conditions. Toxicological studies have concluded that plasticizers, phthalates, and bisphenols are endocrine disruptors, alter the endocrine system and functioning of the immune system and metabolic process. A functional immune response indicates favourable living conditions for an organism; conversely, a weak immune response could reveal a degraded environment that requires organisms to adapt. There is growing concern about the presence of plastic debris in the environment. In this review, the current knowledge of the action of plasticizers on leukocyte cells will be itemized. We also point out critically the role of some nuclear and membrane receptors as key players in the action of plasticizers on cells possess immune function. We discuss the role of erythrocytes within the immune responses and the alteration caused by plasticizers. Finally, we highlight data evidencing mitochondrial dysfunctions triggered by plasticizing toxic action, which can lead to immunosuppression.
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