Journal
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
Volume 218, Issue 5, Pages -Publisher
ROCKEFELLER UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202617
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Funding
- Special National University Health System COVID-19 Seed Grant Call [NUHSRO/2020/052/RO5+5/NUHSCOVID/6]
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
- National University of Singapore
- National Research Foundation Singapore [NRF2016NRFNSFC002013]
- National Medical Research Council of the Ministry of Health Singapore [STPRGFY19001, COVID19RF003, COVID19RF30060]
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The efficacy of virus-specific T cells in clearing pathogens involves a delicate balance between antiviral and inflammatory responses. Asymptomatic individuals clearing SARS-CoV-2 showed increased production of IFN-gamma and IL-2, along with a proportional secretion of IL-10 and proinflammatory cytokines, while symptomatic individuals displayed a disproportionate secretion of inflammatory cytokines triggered by SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell activation.
The efficacy of virus-specific T cells in clearing pathogens involves a fine balance between antiviral and inflammatory features. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in individuals who clear SARS-CoV-2 without symptoms could reveal nonpathological yet protective characteristics. We longitudinally studied SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in a cohort of asymptomatic (n = 85) and symptomatic (n = 75) COVID-19 patients after seroconversion. We quantified T cells reactive to structural proteins (M, NP, and Spike) using ELISpot and cytokine secretion in whole blood. Frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were similar between asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals, but the former showed an increased IFN-gamma and IL-2 production. This was associated with a proportional secretion of IL-10 and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta) only in asymptomatic infection, while a disproportionate secretion of inflammatory cytokines was triggered by SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell activation in symptomatic individuals. Thus, asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals are not characterized by weak antiviral immunity; on the contrary, they mount a highly functional virus-specific cellular immune response.
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