Engineering approaches for effective therapeutic applications based on extracellular vesicles

The biological significance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as intercellular communication mediators has been increasingly revealed in a wide range of normal physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. In particular, regenerative and immunomodulatory EVs hold potential as innate biotherapeutics, whereas pathological EVs are considered therapeutic targets for inhibiting their bioactivity. Given their ability to transport functional cargos originating from the source cells to target cells, EVs can also be used as a therapeutic means to deliver drug molecules. This review aims to provide an updated overview of the key engineering approaches for better exploiting EVs in disease intervention. The emphasis is lying on the preconditioning methods for therapeutic EVs, drug loading and targeting technologies for carrier EVs, and activity control strategies for pathological EVs.

Automated summary

The biological significance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as intercellular communication mediators has been increasingly revealed in various physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. EVs can be used as innate biotherapeutics for regenerative and immunomodulatory purposes, as well as therapeutic targets for pathological EVs. Moreover, the ability of EVs to transport functional cargos makes them potential means for delivering drug molecules.