Journal
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
Volume 285, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124905
Keywords
Lithium extraction; Water lithium resources; Electrochemical-battery technology; Green principle
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51974365]
- National Key R&D Program of China [2018YFC1901901, 2018YFC1901601, 2018YFC1901602]
- Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province [2020JJ5747, 2020JJ5749]
- Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University [2020CX039]
- National 111 Project [B14034]
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources [2018TP1002]
- Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST [2019QNRC001]
- Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation For Postgraduate [CX20190069]
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The growing market demand for lithium, especially for applications like lithium-ion batteries, highlights the importance of lithium production. Extraction of lithium from water resources, particularly those with high Mg/Li ratios, is becoming more popular due to its low cost and abundant reserves. Among various aqueous lithium-extraction methods, the electrochemical-battery approach is considered the most promising due to its excellent lithium selectivity, high insertion capacity, low energy consumption, high reversibility, and eco-friendliness. Future research should focus on enhancing battery-system stability, process optimization, and reducing operating costs.
The growing market demands for large-scale applications of lithium such as lithium-ion batteries increase the significance of its production. Land lithium resources are drastically decreasing; thus, lithium extraction from water lithium resources involving salt-lake brine and seawater has a growing tendency owing to its merits of low cost and abundant reserves. Lithium extraction from water lithium resources, especially those with high Mg/Li ratios, is challenging. Among all kinds of aqueous lithium-extraction methods, the electrochemical-battery approach is considered the most promising one as a result of its excellent lithium selectivity, high insertion capacity, low energy consumption, high reversibility, and ecofriendliness. The present work reviews the advantages and challenges of current electrochemical-battery systems involving lithium manganese oxide and lithium iron phosphate systems. The effects of several parameters and relevant mechanisms are discussed, including applied voltage, ionic concentration, pH, time, and coexisting ions. We stress that a combination of the electrochemicallithium-recovery process with a desalination process enables the highly efficient and economical extraction of lithium from low-concentration solutions. Currently available electrochemical batteries still suffer from problems of low stability and high cost of raw materials. Future research should focus on the enhancement in the battery-system stability, process optimization, and reduction of operating costs. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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