Identification of the Key Residues of the Uridine Diphosphate Glycosyltransferase 91D2 and its Effect on the Accumulation of Steviol Glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) possesses substantial value for its unique sweet compounds-steviol glycosides (SGs). In the metabolic glycosylation grid of SGs, SrUGT91D2 has been shown to catalyze formation of 1,2-beta-D-glucoside linkages at the C-13- and C-19-positions and play a crucial role in the synthesis of SGs, including the formation of stevioside (ST), rebaudioside E (RE), and rebaudioside D (RD). However, the key residues of the SrUGT91D2 enzyme and how SrUGT91D2 affects the accumulation of SGs in S. rebaudiana remain unclear. In the present study, cloning and functional analysis of full-length SrUGT91D2 gene sequences were performed in 10 different S. rebaudiana genotypes with divergent SG compositions. After sequence analysis, it was found that most of the sequences of this gene (more than 50%) in each genotype were consistent with the UGT91D2e_No.5 allele, which has been reported to exert catalytic activity on 1,2-beta-D-glucoside. Moreover, six variants (UGT91D2e_No.5, SrUGT91D2-11-14, SrUGT91D2-110, SrUGT91D2-023, SrUGT91D2-N01, and SrUGT91D2-N04) of this gene were obtained, and their activities were identified. Although there were some differences among these variants, the only type of mutation was partial base substitution at a very low level. In addition, the expression analysis of SrUGT91D2 in each genotype showed that the expression level of the gene was significantly different among genotypes, and a significant positive correlation was found between the content of RD (which was closely influenced by SrUGT91D2) and the expression level of SrUGT91D2 in each genotype (correlation coefficient = 0.91). Thus, it was indicated that SrUGT91D2 was relatively conserved in S. rebaudiana, and the differential effect of SrUGT91D2 on the accumulation of related SGs mainly derived from its expression level. Furthermore, based on homologous modeling and molecular docking analysis, T84, T144, A194, 5284, E285, V286, G365, E369, R404, and G409 were predicted to be key residues in the glucosylation of SGs by SrUGT91D2. After site-mutation and enzyme assays, it was confirmed that T84, T144, R404, A194, and G409 are the key residues in the SrUGT91D2 protein, especially T144 and G409. This work provided valuable information for understanding the structure-activity relationship of the SrUGT91D2 protein and the molecular mechanism of SG accumulation in stevia.

Automated summary

The study revealed the relationship between glucosylation of steviol glycosides and their accumulation in stevia; SrUGT91D2 expression levels varied among different S. rebaudiana genotypes, affecting the accumulation of related steviol glycosides differently; Key residues in the SrUGT91D2 protein, particularly T144 and G409, were identified through site-mutation and enzyme assays.