Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 22, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041567
Keywords
UV filters; mixtures; marine fish; environmental concentrations; oxidative stress; bioenergetics; neurotoxicity; behaviour
Funding
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, I.P.) [CEECIND/01144/2017, IF/00919/2015]
- FCT [SFRH/BD/102671/2014]
- FCT, I.P [PTDC/CTA-AMB/30908/2017]
- Operational Program Competiveness and Internationalization
- CE-SAM Strategic Project [UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB/50017/2020]
- project NanoReproTox
- Regional Operational Program of Lisboa, in its FEDER/FNR component
- Regional Operational Program of Algarve, in its FEDER/FNR component
- Foundation for Science and Technology, in its State Budget component (OE)
- [UIDB/04423/2020]
- [UIDP/04423/2020.M]
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [PTDC/CTA-AMB/30908/2017, SFRH/BD/102671/2014] Funding Source: FCT
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The study evaluated the toxicity of organic and inorganic UV filters on turbot, finding mild effects on liver metabolic function and behavior. Both isolated and combined exposure did not consistently increase toxicity, providing key information for environmentally safe sunscreen products.
UV filters are potentially harmful to marine organisms. Given their worldwide dissemination and the scarcity of studies on marine fish, we evaluated the toxicity of an organic (oxybenzone) and an inorganic (titanium dioxide nanoparticles) UV filter, individually and in a binary mixture, in the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Fish were intraperitoneally injected and a multi-level assessment was carried out 3 and 7 days later. Oxybenzone and titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced mild effects on turbot, both isolated and in mixture. Neither oxidative stress (intestine, liver and kidney) nor neurotoxicity (brain) was found. However, liver metabolic function was altered after 7 days, suggesting the impairment of the aerobic metabolism. An increased motility rate in oxybenzone treatment was the only behavioural alteration (day 7). The intestine and liver were preferentially targeted, while kidney and brain were unaffected. Both infra- and supra-additive interactions were perceived, with a toxicodynamic nature, resulting either in favourable or unfavourable toxicological outcomes, which were markedly dependent on the organ, parameter and post-injection time. The combined exposure to the UV filters did not show a consistent increment in toxicity in comparison with the isolated exposures, which is an ecologically relevant finding providing key information towards the formulation of environmentally safe sunscreen products.
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