A large area (70 cm(2)) monolithic perovskite solar module with a high efficiency and stability

Monolithic perovskite modules with active areas of 31 cm(2) and 70 cm(2) and with power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 10.46% and 10.74%, respectively, were fabricated using scalable printing processes. An ambient stability of more than 2000 h with less than a 5% reduction in efficiency is demonstrated. The electrical quality of the mesoscopic hole transporter and its facilitation of efficient infiltration is paramount.