Journal
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Volume 9, Issue 10, Pages 3221-3229Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c6ee01674j
Keywords
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Funding
- Robert Bosch LLC through the MIT Energy Initiative (MITei)
- NSF [DMR-1410636]
- Global Climate and Energy Project at Stanford University
- US Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences through the SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
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Next-generation high-energy batteries will require a rechargeable lithium metal anode, but lithium dendrites tend to form during recharging, causing short-circuit risk and capacity loss, by mechanisms that still remain elusive. Here, we visualize lithium growth in a glass capillary cell and demonstrate a change of mechanism from root-growing mossy lithium to tip-growing dendritic lithium at the onset of electrolyte diffusion limitation. In sandwich cells, we further demonstrate that mossy lithium can be blocked by nanoporous ceramic separators, while dendritic lithium can easily penetrate nanopores and short the cell. Our results imply a fundamental design constraint for metal batteries (Sand's capacity''), which can be increased by using concentrated electrolytes with stiff, permeable, nanoporous separators for improved safety.
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