Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Volume 27, Issue 2, Pages 304-314Publisher
IEEE COMPUTER SOC
DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2020.3030367
Keywords
Direct manipulation; interactive visualization; interaction design by demonstration
Categories
Funding
- Paul and Daisy Soros Fellowship
- NSF [1942659]
- Div Of Information & Intelligent Systems
- Direct For Computer & Info Scie & Enginr [1942659] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Lyra 2 extends a visualization design environment with methods for authoring interaction techniques by demonstration, allowing users to directly interact with visualizations and receive suggestions for interaction design, ultimately enabling rapid creation of diverse interactive visualizations.
Recent graphical interfaces offer direct manipulation mechanisms for authoring visualizations, but are largely restricted to static output. To author interactive visualizations, users must instead turn to textual specification, but such approaches impose a higher technical burden. To bridge this gap, we introduce Lyra 2, a system that extends a prior visualization design environment with novel methods for authoring interaction techniques by demonstration. Users perform an interaction (e.g., button clicks, drags, or key presses) directly on the visualization they are editing. The system interprets this performance using a set of heuristics and enumerates suggestions of possible interaction designs. These heuristics account for the properties of the interaction (e.g., target and event type) as well as the visualization (e.g., mark and scale types, and multiple views). Interaction design suggestions are displayed as thumbnails; users can preview and test these suggestions, iteratively refine them through additional demonstrations, and finally apply and customize them via property inspectors. We evaluate our approach through a gallery of diverse examples, and evaluate its usability through a first-use study and via an analysis of its cognitive dimensions. We find that, in Lyra 2, interaction design by demonstration enables users to rapidly express a wide range of interactive visualizations.
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