Call variation of Crested Francolin (Dendroperdix sephaena) across Africa defies the effects of spatial gradients

The study of intraspecific geographical variation of non-passerine vocalizations remains under-studied, especially in African species. We explored spatial patterns in call variation of the Crested Francolin Dendroperdix sephaena across its wide sub-Saharan distribution in Africa. We extracted and compared 152 pair duets from 44 recordings encompassing four D. sephaena subspecies and, in the field, played back each subspecies' vocalizations to 15 D. s. sephaena and three D. s. zambesiae males to document their behaviour. We recorded strong responses to con-subspecific calls and weak responses to hetero-subspecific calls, especially towards D. s. grantii and D. s. rovuma. This indicates that intraspecific vocal variability in D. sephaena is not clinal but spatially discrete, and strictly reflects subspecies affiliation (albeit with more similar vocal features among geographically neighbouring subspecies). Vocal variation in D. sephaena may have evolved under palaeoclimatic events that fragmented its former range and promoted allopatric diversification before a re-expansion into partial sympatry.

Automated summary

The study examines the intraspecific geographical variation of vocalizations in the African species Crested Francolin Dendroperdix sephaena. It reveals that vocal variability is spatially discrete and closely linked to subspecies affiliation, with stronger responses to conspecific calls and weaker responses to heterospecific calls, particularly towards certain subspecies. The results suggest that vocal variation in D. sephaena may have evolved due to paleoclimatic events and allopatric diversification, followed by a re-expansion into partial sympatry.