Journal
FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
Volume 216, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106670
Keywords
Ni-based catalysts; Third generation biofuel; Renewable liquid fuel; Algae biorefinery; Catalytic upgrading; Bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD)
Funding
- Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program of the Thailand Research Fund [PHD/0012/2556]
- Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station
- Hatch program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture [ALA014-1-19068]
- National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)
- Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) [IRN62W0001]
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The catalytic hydrotreating of algae bio-crude oil using different Ni-based catalysts showed improvements in eliminating sulfur, decreasing nitrogen and oxygen contents, and increasing the higher heating value of bio-oil. The Ni-Cu-Re/gamma-Al2O3 ternary alloy catalyst offered the best overall performance with the highest upgraded bio-oil yield and energy recovery in the upgrading process.
Catalytic hydrotreating of algae bio-crude oil from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Nannochloropsis sp. was performed. Different Ni-based catalysts, including Ni/gamma-Al2O3, Ni-Cu/gamma-Al2O3, Ni-Re/gamma-Al2O3, and Ni-Cu-Re/gamma-Al2O3, (10%Ni, 5%Cu, 2.5%Re) were used in upgrading of the bio-crude oil. Most catalytic systems could effectively eliminate S and decrease the N and O contents, and enhance more than 20% improvement in the higher heating value (HHV) of the bio-oil (34 to 41-45 MJ/kg). Introducing only Cu could enhance the C=O hydrogenation resulting in higher aromatic and alcohol compounds. While the addition of Re is effective for hydrodeoxygenation, it lowers denitrogenation due to amination reaction. Ni-Cu-Re/gamma-Al2O3 ternary alloy offered the best results on the overall performance, achieving the highest upgraded bio-oil yield of 58 wt% and the highest energy recovery in the upgrading process (ERupgrade) of 64.6%. As ER in HTL process (ERHTL) was ca. 71.8%, the overall ER (ERoverall) from algae biomass to upgraded bio-oil of 46.4% can be achieved for Ni-Cu-Re/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst. Carbon efficiency approx. 47.7% can be attained as the carbon in the algae biomass feedstock was retained in the upgraded bio-oil. In addition, reaction pathways for the formation of different hydrotreated products catalyzed by mono-, bi-, and tri- metallic Ni-Cu-Re have been proposed.
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