Binding and folding in transcriptional complexes

Transcription factors are among the classes of proteins with the highest levels of disorder. Investigation of these regulatory proteins is uncovering not just the mechanisms that underlie gene regulation, but relationships that apply to all intrinsically disordered proteins. Recent studies confirm that binding does not necessarily induce folding but that when it does, it tends to follow induced fit mechanisms. Other work emphasises the importance of electrostatics to interactions involving intrinsically disordered proteins, and roles of intrinsic disorder in phase transitions. All these features help direct transcription factors to target sites in the genome to upregulate or downregulate transcription.

Automated summary

Transcription factors, which are highly disordered proteins, play a crucial role in gene regulation by directing them to target sites in the genome, with recent studies emphasizing the relationship between induced folding mechanisms and electrostatic interactions in intrinsically disordered proteins.