Journal
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION
Volume 62, Issue 20, Pages 5511-5522Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1887075
Keywords
Eating; fast food; feeding behavior; nutritional status
Categories
Funding
- Australian Research Council Linkage Grant [LP150100831]
- Cancer Council NSW
- Australian Research Council [LP150100831] Funding Source: Australian Research Council
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Eating out is associated with increased energy and nutrient intake in adults, especially in males and younger individuals. However, there is heterogeneity in defining foods prepared outside of home, and studies often rely on self-reported data which may be prone to misreporting. Policy and practice initiatives are needed to address the negative impact of eating out on diets.
A 2011 review associated eating out with increased energy intake. Popular outlets, nutrient composition, and menus may have changed since 2011. This study aimed to investigate relative contributions of foods prepared outside of home to total energy, total and saturated fat, sugars, and sodium intakes. Studies were included if they were observational cohort or cross-sectional, investigated the contributions that foods prepared out of home made to energy, nutrient intakes and/or nutrient densities of adults aged 18-64 years, published between 2009 and 2019. Socio-demographic differences were explored. Data were extracted guided by the STROBE Statement for cohort and cross-sectional studies. A descriptive, qualitative synthesis was conducted. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists for Analytical Cross-sectional and Cohort Studies. Evidence strength was assessed using GRADE. Twenty-six studies were included. Higher consumption of foods purchased outside home increased intakes of energy and nutrients of public health concern, particularly in males and younger adults. Heterogeneity of definitions of foods prepared outside of home made comparison difficult. Studies frequently used self-reported consumption data, prone to misreporting. Foods prepared outside of home are associated with poorer diets. Policy and practice initiatives are required to address this.
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