Journal
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Volume 31, Issue 6, Pages 3136-3152Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab014
Keywords
adaptation; area V4; local field potential; omission; primary visual cortex; predictive coding; repetition suppression; VEP
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Funding
- National Institute of Health [EY024858, EY028626]
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The study tested whether a subset of neurons in cortical areas encodes sensory prediction errors, but found that responses to expected and pattern-violating stimuli were nearly identical, challenging the predictive coding theory.
A recent formulation of predictive coding theory proposes that a subset of neurons in each cortical area encodes sensory prediction errors, the difference between predictions relayed from higher cortex and the sensory input. Here, we test for evidence of prediction error responses in spiking responses and local field potentials (LFP) recorded in primary visual cortex and area V4 of macaque monkeys, and in complementary electroencephalographic (EEG) scalp recordings in human participants. We presented a fixed sequence of visual stimuli on most trials, and violated the expected ordering on a small subset of trials. Under predictive coding theory, pattern-violating stimuli should trigger robust prediction errors, but we found that spiking, LFP and EEG responses to expected and pattern-violating stimuli were nearly identical. Our results challenge the assertion that a fundamental computational motif in sensory cortex is to signal prediction errors, at least those based on predictions derived from temporal patterns of visual stimulation.
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