Modeling the in-orbit Background of PolarLight

PolarLight is a gas pixel X-ray polarimeter mounted on a CubeSat, which was launched into a Sun-synchronous orbit in 2018 October. We build a mass model of the whole CubeSat with the Geant4 toolkit to simulate the background induced by the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) and high-energy charged particles in the orbit. The simulated energy spectra and morphologies of event images both suggest that the background measured with PolarLight is dominated by high-energy electrons, with a minor contribution from protons and the CXB. The simulation reveals that, in the energy range 2-8 keV, roughly 28% of background events are caused by energy deposited by a secondary electron with an energy of a few keV, in a physical process identical to the detection of X-rays. Thus, this fraction of the background cannot be discriminated from X-ray events. The background distribution is uneven on the detector plane, with an enhancement near the edges. The edge effect occurs because high-energy electrons tend to produce long tracks, which are discarded by the readout electronics unless energy is partially deposited near the edges. The internal background rate is expected to be around 6 x 10(-3) counts s(-1) cm(-2) at 2-8 keV if an effective particle discrimination algorithm can be applied. This indicates that the internal background should be negligible for future focusing X-ray polarimeters with a focal size of the order of millimeters.

Automated summary

PolarLight is a gas pixel X-ray polarimeter mounted on a CubeSat, with simulations showing that the internal background is primarily caused by high-energy electrons and is difficult to discriminate. The uneven distribution of background on the detector plane is attributed to long tracks produced by high-energy electrons. For future focusing X-ray polarimeters with millimeter-scale focal sizes, the internal background is expected to be negligible.