4.7 Article

Effects of salinity on the chronic toxicity of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus

Journal

AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
Volume 232, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105742

Keywords

Salinity; UV filters; Developmental toxicity; Reproductive toxicity; Chronic toxicity; Marine copepod

Funding

  1. National Natural Science Foundation of China [41676094]

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The study revealed that environmentally relevant concentrations of 4-MBC have toxic effects on Tigriopus japonicus, with increasing salinity levels further enhancing its lethal, developmental, and reproductive toxicities. This may be attributed to the higher salinity levels increasing the uptake rate constant and bioconcentration factor of 4-MBC, exacerbating the oxidative stress induced by 4-MBC exposure in T. japonicus.
Organic ultraviolet filters are widely used in personal care products. 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is one of the most frequently used UV filters. Due to its widespread usage 4-MBC has been detected at high concentrations in offshore waters. Previous toxicological studies have suggested that 4-MBC might induce much higher toxicity in marine organisms than freshwater species. To explore the effects of salinity on 4-MBC toxicity, the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus was used as the model species, as it plays an important role in marine ecosystems and can be adapted to a wide range of salinity conditions. T. japonicus were adapted to three different salinity conditions (i.e., 20, 30 and 40 ppt) prior to exposure to 0, 1, and 5 mu g L-1 4-MBC for multiple generations (F0-F3). Results showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of 4-MBC had toxic effects on T. japonicus and therefore, can pose a significant risk to marine copepods in the natural environment. In addition, increasing salinity levels increased the lethal, developmental and reproductive toxicities of 4-MBC in T. japonicus. This was because that higher salinity levels increased the uptake rate constant and bioconcentration factor of 4-MBC and also further exacerbated the oxidative stress induced by exposure to 4-MBC in T. japonicus. Our study demonstrated that understanding how salinity affects the toxicity of 4-MBC is important for accurate assessment of the risk of 4-MBC in the aquatic environments.

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