A 2-Pyridone Amide Inhibitor of Transcriptional Activity in Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia trachomatis is a strict intracellular bacterium that causes sexually transmitted infections and eye infections that can lead to lifelong sequelae. Treatment options are limited to broad-spectrum antibiotics that disturb the commensal flora and contribute to selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Hence, development of novel drugs that specifically target C. trachomatis would be beneficial. 2-Pyridone amides are potent and specific inhibitors of Chlamydia infectivity. The first-generation compound KSK120 inhibits the developmental cycle of Chlamydia, resulting in reduced infectivity of progeny bacteria. Here, we show that the improved, highly potent second-generation 2-pyridone amide KSK213 allowed normal growth and development of C. trachomatis, and the effect was only observable upon reinfection of new cells. Progeny elementary bodies (EBs) produced in the presence of KSK213 were unable to activate transcription of essential genes in early development and did not differentiate into the replicative form, the reticulate body (RB). The effect was specific to C. trachomatis since KSK213 was inactive in the closely related animal pathogen Chlamydia muridarum and in Chlamydia caviae. The molecular target of KSK213 may thus be different in C. trachomatis or nonessential in C. muridarum and C. caviae. Resistance to KSK213 was mediated by a combination of amino acid substitutions in both DEAD/DEAH RNA helicase and RNase III, which may indicate inhibition of the transcriptional machinery as the mode of action. 2-Pyridone amides provide a novel antibacterial strategy and starting points for development of highly specific drugs for C. trachomatis infections.

Automated summary

Chlamydia trachomatis is a strict intracellular bacterium causing sexually transmitted infections and eye infections. 2-Pyridone amides, like KSK213, are potent inhibitors of Chlamydia infectivity, specifically targeting C. trachomatis. The resistance mechanism to KSK213 involves amino acid substitutions in RNA helicase and RNase III, indicating inhibition of transcriptional machinery as the mode of action.