Are There Any Overlooked Catalysts for Electrochemical NH3 Synthesis-New Insights from Analysis of Thermochemical Data

We report relations between nitrogen-binding-energy descriptors obtained from experimental thermochemical data and limiting potentials from density functional theory data. We use the relations to build the largest volcano plot for nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). We found that (1) Mn, Ga, and In are overlooked catalysts and (2) there are unidentified materials on the top of the volcano. Using experimental exchange current densities of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and Pourbaix diagrams we have identified conditions at which Mn, Ga, and In remain stable in water and selectively catalyze NRR over HER. We found that Fe, Au, Cu, Bi, and Pd, on contrary to what was reported earlier, need smaller applied potentials to start the onset of HER than NRR in water. We make a critical discussion about them and other candidates and we believe our results can be used to identify false positive measurements in the research field.