Association of Circulating Tumor DNA With Disease-Free Survival in Breast Cancer A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis uses data from studies retrieved from a Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Embase search to investigate the association of circulating tumor DNA with disease-free survival in patients with breast cancer. Question Is circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection associated with unfavorable breast cancer outcomes? Findings This systematic review and meta-analysis of 8 studies comprising 739 patients found that elevated ctDNA levels were associated with poorer cancer outcomes in patients with early, locally advanced, and metastatic disease; ctDNA mutation detection (both before and after treatment) was statistically significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival and a reduction in disease-free survival in both the early breast cancer subgroup and the metastatic and locally advanced subgroup. Meaning These findings suggest that monitoring ctDNA levels in breast cancer has the potential to gauge response to treatment and aid in early detection of disease progression or recurrence. Importance Fragmented DNA is continuously released into the circulation following apoptosis and necrosis of both cancerous and noncancerous cells; when it is released by cancer cells, it is specifically known as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Previous studies have suggested that ctDNA can reflect tumor burden and guide potential therapeutic targets. Objective To determine the association of ctDNA with breast cancer disease-free survival (DFS) and progression-free survival in early, locally advanced, and metastatic breast cancer. Data Sources An electronic search was conducted using the Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Embase from July 30, 2019, to October 31, 2019; all languages were included. The following search terms were used: ctDNA OR circulating tumor DNA OR liquid biopsy AND breast cancer OR breast carcinoma OR breast tumor AND prognosis OR survival. All titles were screened, and the appropriate abstracts were reviewed. If any data were missing, the authors contacted the study authors for permission to access data and extrapolate hazard ratios (HRs). Study Selection To be included in the analysis, the studies had to meet the following prespecified inclusion criteria: (1) a ctDNA blood sample was measured; (2) DFS, progression-free survival, or relapse-free survival was reported as an HR; and (3) the patient population only had breast cancer. Retrospective and prospective observational cohort studies were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two authors (C.C. and C.F.) independently reviewed the literature. All data were recorded independently by both authors and were compared at the end of the reviewing process to limit selection bias. Duplicates were removed and any disparities were clarified. Data were pooled using a fixed-effects or random-effects model according to the study heterogeneity. This study adhered to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the association of ctDNA with DFS or relapse-free survival in breast cancer. Secondary outcomes focused on subgroup analysis in the setting of early breast cancer and metastatic breast cancer. Results From a total of 263 publications found using the predefined search terms, data from 8 studies (3.0%) reporting on 739 patients in total were suitable for inclusion. Circulating tumor DNA gene variation detection (both before and after treatment) was statistically significantly associated with shorter DFS (HR, 4.44; 95% CI, 2.29-8.61; P < .001). Detection of ctDNA was statistically significantly associated with a reduction in DFS in both the early breast cancer subgroup (HR, 8.32; 95% CI, 3.01-22.99; P < .001) and the metastatic or locally advanced subgroup (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.35-2.71; P < .001). Pretreatment and posttreatment plasma sample collection was analyzed in both early and metastatic groups. The posttreatment group encompassed both surgical and oncologic therapy. Pretreatment plasma detection of ctDNA was statistically significantly associated with reduced DFS (HR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.98-5.52; P < .001). Posttreatment sampling of ctDNA failed to achieve statistical significance (HR, 8.17; 95% CI, 1.01-65.89; P = .05). Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic review and meta-analysis, elevated plasma ctDNA was associated with a high risk of relapse. This finding suggests that plasma ctDNA may provide an excellent method to stratify risk and personalize patient follow-up.