Metabolic Reprogramming of Cancer Cells during Tumor Progression and Metastasis

Cancer cells face various metabolic challenges during tumor progression, including growth in the nutrient-altered and oxygen-deficient microenvironment of the primary site, intravasation into vessels where anchorage-independent growth is required, and colonization of distant organs where the environment is distinct from that of the primary site. Thus, cancer cells must reprogram their metabolic state in every step of cancer progression. Metabolic reprogramming is now recognized as a hallmark of cancer cells and supports cancer growth. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells may help identifying cancer targets and treatment strategies. This review summarizes our current understanding of metabolic reprogramming during cancer progression and metastasis, including cancer cell adaptation to the tumor microenvironment, defense against oxidative stress during anchorage-independent growth in vessels, and metabolic reprogramming during metastasis.

Automated summary

Cancer cells face metabolic challenges at different stages of tumor progression and metastasis, requiring them to reprogram their metabolic state to adapt to changing microenvironments. Metabolic reprogramming is a recognized hallmark of cancer cells and plays a crucial role in supporting cancer growth.