Journal
BIOMOLECULES
Volume 10, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/biom10121653
Keywords
carotenoids; carotenes; xanthophylls; apocarotenoids; metastasis; migration; invasion; epithelial-mesenchymal transition; cancer; patient stratification; individualized patient profiling; liquid biopsy; multi-level diagnostics; artificial intelligence; predictive diagnosis; targeted prevention; personalization of medical services; 3P medicine
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Funding
- Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic [VEGA 1/0136/19]
- National Priorities Research Program from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF, a member of Qatar Foundation) [NPRP 11S-1214-170101]
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Metastasis represents a major obstacle in cancer treatment and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Therefore, the identification of compounds targeting the multi-step and complex process of metastasis could improve outcomes in the management of cancer patients. Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments with a plethora of biological activities. Carotenoids exert a potent anti-cancer capacity in various cancer models in vitro and in vivo, mediated by the modulation of signaling pathways involved in the migration and invasion of cancer cells and metastatic progression, including key regulators of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and regulatory molecules, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), and others. Moreover, carotenoids modulate the expression of genes associated with cancer progression and inflammatory processes as key mediators of the complex process involved in metastasis. Nevertheless, due to the predominantly preclinical nature of the known anti-tumor effects of carotenoids, and unclear results from certain carotenoids in specific cancer types and/or specific parts of the population, a precise analysis of the anti-cancer effects of carotenoids is essential. The identification of carotenoids as effective compounds targeting the complex process of cancer progression could improve the outcomes of advanced cancer patients.
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