Journal
ANIMALS
Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ani11010242
Keywords
ciguatera; Caribbean ciguatoxin; muscle bioaccumulation; cytotoxicity assay; goldfish; omnivorous fish; experimental model; detoxification
Funding
- MICINN project [GP/EFSA/AFSCO/2015]
- [PID2019-108781RR-C22]
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This study used goldfish fed flesh contaminated with Caribbean ciguatoxin to investigate the accumulation and toxic effects of CTXs in fish. Results showed that CTX1 could accumulate in goldfish muscle tissue and produce toxic symptoms, while also highlighting the detoxification and recovery capacity of this species.
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are produced by dinoflagellates usually present in tropical and subtropical waters. These toxins are bioaccumulated and transformed in fish causing ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in humans. Few trials have been performed to understand how CTXs are incorporated into fish. This study developed an experimental model of goldfish (Carassius auratus) fed flesh contaminated with Caribbean ciguatoxin (C-CTX1). Fourteen goldfish were fed 0.014 ng CTX1B (Eq. g(-1) of body weight) daily, and control goldfish received non-toxic flesh. CTX presence was determined by a cell-based assay on days 1, 8, 15, 29, 36, 43, and 84. Toxicity was detected in muscle from the second sampling and then seemed to stabilize at similar to 0.03 ng CTX1B Eq. g(-1). After two weeks, all experimental goldfish developed lethargy and loss of brightness, but only two of them displayed erratic swimming and jerking movements near the sixth sampling. One of these fish had its toxic diet replaced by commercial food for 60 more days; the fish showed recovery signs within the first weeks and no CTX activity was detected. These results indicate that C-CTX1 could accumulate in goldfish muscle tissue and produce toxic symptoms, but also remarked on the detoxification and recovery capacity of this species.
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