Electrochemical (Bio)sensing of Clinical Markers Using Quantum Dots

Quantum dots (QDs) are a kind of semiconductor nanoparticles with great potential in (bio)sensing for medical diagnosis due not only to their optical properties but also to their applicability in the development of electrochemical (bio)sensors. In this article, the use of metallic and graphene QDs for electrochemical signal amplification, either as signal tags or as electrode surface modifiers to detect clinical markers is reviewed and critically discussed. The advantages and disadvantages arising from the use of these nanoparticles in this context will be outlined together with the still required work to fulfil the characteristics needed to attain suitable electrochemical (bio)sensors with real application in clinical field.