Journal
CANCERS
Volume 12, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123558
Keywords
extracellular vesicles (EVs); dendritic cell (DC); cancer; immunotherapy; vaccines; tumor-derived EVs; oncopathogens
Categories
Funding
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) [SAF2017-82886-R]
- Comunidad de Madrid [S2017/BMD-3671-INFLAMUNE-CM]
- Ramon Areces Foundation Ciencias de la Vida y la Salud (XIX Concurso-2018)
- Ayudas Fundacion BBVA a Equipos de Investigacion Cientifica (BIOMEDICINA-2018)
- Fundacio Marato TV3 [122/C/2015]
- La Caixa Banking Foundation [HR17-00016]
- BIOIMID from Instituto de Salud Carlos III [PIE13/041]
- CIBER Cardiovascular (Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III) [CB16/11/00272]
- CIBER Cardiovascular (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional FEDER)
- la Caixa Foundation [LCF/BQ/DR19/11740010]
- Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities [FPU15/02539]
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MCIN)
- Pro CNIC Foundation
- Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence [SEV-2015-0505]
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Simple Summary Dendritic cells have a central role in starting and regulating immune functions in anticancer responses. The crosstalk of dendritic cells with tumors and other immune cell subsets is partly mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by both cell types and is multidirectional. In the case of dendritic cell EVs, the presence of stimulatory molecules and their ability to promote tumor antigen-specific responses, have raised interest in their uses as therapeutics vehicles. In this review, we highlight how dendritic cell- and tumor cell-derived EVs affect antitumor immune responses. In addition, we discuss the different approaches that exploit dendritic cell EVs as a novel platform for immunotherapies and therapeutic and prophylactic anticancer vaccines. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication as vehicles for the transport of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids including different RNAs. Dendritic cells (DCs)-derived EVs (DEVs), albeit variably, express major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes and co-stimulatory molecules on their surface that enable the interaction with other immune cells such as CD8(+) T cells, and other ligands that stimulate natural killer (NK) cells, thereby instructing tumor rejection, and counteracting immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. Malignant cells oppose this effect by secreting EVs bearing a variety of molecules that block DCs function. For instance, tumor-derived EVs (TDEVs) can impair myeloid cell differentiation resulting in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) generation. Hence, the unique composition of EVs makes them suitable candidates for the development of new cancer treatment approaches including prophylactic vaccine targeting oncogenic pathogens, cancer vaccines, and cancer immunotherapeutics. We offer a perspective from both cell sides, DCs, and tumor cells, on how EVs regulate the antitumor immune response, and how this translates into promising therapeutic options by reviewing the latest advancement in DEV-based cancer therapeutics.
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